Natural botanical products for low VOC sanitization

Natural botanical products for low VOC sanitization

Understanding the Need for Duct Sanitization, Disinfection, and Odor Control

Lets be honest, thinking about duct cleaning probably isnt high on anyones list of fun activities. But, its a really important part of keeping our homes healthy and our air clean. And when it comes to sanitizing those ducts after cleaning, choosing the right products matters a lot. Thats where natural botanical products can really shine, especially if youre concerned about volatile organic compounds, or VOCs.


Traditional duct sanitizers can sometimes leave behind a chemical smell, and more importantly, they can release VOCs into the air. These VOCs can contribute to indoor air pollution and potentially trigger allergies or sensitivities in some people. Nobody wants to solve one problem only to create another, right?


This is why natural botanical products are gaining popularity. They offer a low-VOC alternative for sanitizing ducts. Instead of harsh chemicals, they often rely on plant-derived ingredients like thyme, tea tree oil, or citrus extracts. These ingredients have natural antimicrobial properties, meaning they can effectively kill bacteria, mold, and other unwanted guests that might be lurking in your ductwork.


The big benefit is that these botanical products tend to release far fewer VOCs, or even none at all. This means a cleaner, fresher-smelling home after duct cleaning, without the worry of introducing potentially harmful chemicals into your air. Youre essentially sanitizing with the power of nature, which is a pretty appealing idea.


Of course, its always important to do your research and choose reputable products that are specifically designed for duct sanitization. Look for certifications and read reviews to ensure youre getting something thats both effective and truly low-VOC. Professional Calgary duct cleaning makes breathing easier indoors hvac cleaning calgary building science. But overall, considering natural botanical products for duct sanitization is a smart move if youre looking for a safer, healthier way to clean your air. Its a win-win for clean ducts and a cleaner, more breathable home environment.

In todays world, where health and environmental consciousness are at the forefront of our minds, the demand for natural and effective sanitization solutions has never been higher. Traditional chemical-based sanitizers, while effective, often come with a host of downsides, including high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be harmful to both human health and the environment. This has led to a growing interest in natural botanical products that offer a safer, more eco-friendly alternative for sanitization.


One of the top natural botanical products for effective sanitization is tea tree oil. Derived from the leaves of the Melaleuca alternifolia tree, tea tree oil has been used for centuries for its antimicrobial properties. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it a versatile choice for sanitization. Moreover, tea tree oil is low in VOCs, making it a much safer option for indoor use.


Another excellent natural sanitizer is neem oil. Extracted from the seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, neem oil is renowned for its powerful antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries and is particularly effective in combating resistant strains of bacteria. Neem oil is also biodegradable and has a low VOC content, making it an environmentally friendly choice.


Citrus extracts, particularly those from lemons and oranges, are also gaining popularity as natural sanitizers. These extracts contain high levels of citric acid, which has strong antimicrobial properties. Citrus extracts are not only effective in killing germs but also leave a fresh, pleasant scent. They are naturally low in VOCs and are safe for use around children and pets.


Lastly, thyme oil, derived from the Thymus vulgaris plant, is another potent natural sanitizer. Thyme oil contains thymol, a compound known for its strong antimicrobial effects. It is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens and is low in VOCs, making it a safe and effective choice for sanitization.


In conclusion, the shift towards natural botanical products for sanitization is not just a trend but a necessary evolution towards more sustainable and health-conscious living. Products like tea tree oil, neem oil, citrus extracts, and thyme oil offer effective, low VOC alternatives to traditional chemical sanitizers, providing a safer and more eco-friendly way to maintain cleanliness and hygiene.

Sanitization Methods for Ductwork: Options and Cost Considerations

Lets talk about cleaning air ducts, something most of us probably dont think about often. But if were aiming for healthier indoor air, especially with concerns about VOCs (volatile organic compounds) from traditional cleaning products, natural botanical options are starting to look really interesting. The big question, though, is: are they worth the cost?


When we say "cost-effectiveness," were not just talking about the price tag of the botanical cleaner itself. We have to consider the whole picture. Things like how well it actually sanitizes the ducts – does it truly get rid of mold, bacteria, and allergens as effectively as harsher chemicals? If it takes more of the botanical product, or more applications, to achieve the same level of cleanliness, then the initial lower price might not actually be a saving.


Then theres the long-term impact on our health and the environment. Sure, a cheaper chemical cleaner might sanitize well, but if it releases harmful VOCs into our homes for days or weeks, that comes with a hidden cost to our respiratory health and potentially the planet. Natural botanical products, often derived from plant extracts and essential oils, are usually lower in VOCs and biodegradable, which is a definite plus.


The "effectiveness" side also needs examination. Some botanicals might be great at killing certain types of mold but not others. So, before swapping out your usual cleaner, its important to research which botanical options are effective against the specific contaminants likely present in your ductwork. Maybe you need a blend of several different plant-based ingredients for optimal results.


Finally, lets not forget about labor costs. If a botanical cleaner requires a more specialized application process, or if it takes longer to dry and ventilate the ducts afterward, the increased labor hours can significantly impact the overall cost-effectiveness.


So, while natural botanical products offer a promising path toward low-VOC sanitization in duct cleaning, we really need to do our homework. Comparing the price of the product alone isnt enough. A true assessment needs to weigh the cleaning effectiveness, the long-term health and environmental benefits, and any differences in labor required. Only then can we make an informed decision about whether these natural options are truly cost-effective for cleaner, healthier air.

Sanitization Methods for Ductwork: Options and Cost Considerations

Disinfection Techniques: Eliminating Harmful Microorganisms in Ducts

Okay, lets talk about what real Calgarians are saying about natural, botanical sanitizers with low VOCs. Because honestly, who wants to breathe in a bunch of chemicals while trying to clean their house?


Were seeing more and more people in Calgary turning to these plant-based options, and the stories are pretty compelling. Its not just about "it smells nice," though thats definitely a plus. Its about a sense of security, especially for families with kids or pets. Think about it: youre sanitizing surfaces, but youre not worried about little ones licking something they shouldnt. Thats a big win.


Ive heard firsthand from folks who were struggling with the harsh smells of traditional cleaners. Theyd get headaches, or their allergies would flare up. Switching to a botanical sanitizer made a real difference. Suddenly, cleaning wasnt a dreaded chore; it was almost…therapeutic? Okay, maybe not therapeutic, but definitely less awful.


And then theres the whole "low VOC" aspect. Calgarys known for its beautiful, clear air (usually!), and people are becoming more aware of how everyday products can impact indoor air quality. These testimonials often highlight the peace of mind that comes with knowing theyre not contributing to indoor air pollution. Theyre making a conscious choice to protect their homes and their families.


The success stories arent always dramatic, but theyre consistent. Its the small victories: the kitchen counter thats clean and smells like lavender instead of bleach, the bathroom thats sparkling without triggering a coughing fit, the feeling of knowing youre making a healthier choice for your family and the environment. These are the stories that are driving the shift towards natural sanitizers in Calgary, one happy, healthy, and subtly-fragrant home at a time. It's not just about cleaning; it's about creating a better living space.

 

A dust storm blankets houses in Texas, 1935
Global oceanic distribution of dust deposition
Map of dust in 2017
Three years of use without cleaning has caused this laptop heat sink to become clogged with dust, and it can no longer be used.
Domestic dust on a finger

Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter.[1] On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution.

Dust in homes is composed of about 20–50% dead skin cells.[2] The rest, and in offices and other built environments, is composed of small amounts of plant pollen, human hairs, animal fur, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.[3]

Atmospheric

[edit]
Presentation on imported dust in North American skies
Large dust storm over Libya

Atmospheric or wind-borne fugitive dust, also known as aeolian dust, comes from dry regions where high-speed winds can remove mostly silt-sized material, abrading susceptible surfaces. This includes areas where grazing, ploughing, vehicle use, and other human behaviors have further destabilized the land, though not all source areas have been largely affected by anthropogenic impacts.[4] Dust-producing surfaces cover one-third of the global land area. These are made up of hyper-arid regions like the Sahara, which covers 0.9 billion hectares, and drylands, which occupy 5.2 billion hectares.[5]

Dust in the atmosphere is produced by saltation and abrasive sandblasting of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol, and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing. Saharan dust, in particular, can be transported and deposited as far as the Caribbean and the Amazon basin and may affect air temperature, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.[4]

Middle East

[edit]

Dust in the Middle East has been a historic phenomenon. Recently, because of climate change and the escalating process of desertification, the problem has worsened dramatically. As a multi-factor phenomenon, there is not yet a clear consensus on the sources or potential solutions to the problem.

Iran

[edit]

The dust in Iraq and Iran are migratory systems that move from west to east or east to west in the spring and have the highest intensity, concentration, and extent until mid-summer. The causes of their occurrence are the lack of humidity, dry environment, low rainfall, and annual droughts. Due to the decrease of rainfall in areas such as Iraq and Syria, most of the dust in Iran also originates from the regions of Iraq, Syria, and Jordan.[6]

In addition to the foreign foci, there are areas inside the country that have either formed new dust foci in recent years or were from the past and their extent has increased. Among these areas, parts of southern Tehran, south of Alborz province – which in the past were plains, riverbeds, seasonal lakes, and seasonal reservoirs – and Gavkhoni wetland of Isfahan province can be mentioned because they have become dry and prone to dust. Among other areas that have become dust centers, Qom province, the Qom salt lake and its surroundings can be mentioned, as well as the Urmia lake, which due to strong winds and due to the dryness of the lake and the reduction of its size, some areas of its bed which were underwater in the past are subject to wind erosion.[6]

In Iran, the dust directly affects more than 5 million people and has become a serious government issue recently. In the Khuzestan province, it has led to the severe increase of air pollution. The amount of pollutants in the air has surpassed more than 50 times the normal level several times in a year. Recently, initiatives such as Project-Dust have been established to study dust in the Middle East directly.[citation needed]

The continuation of drought has caused water scarcity or drying up of some wetlands and lakes such as Hamon and Urmia Lake. This has turned them into centers of dust.[6]

Director General of the Office of Desert Affairs of Iran's Natural Resources and Watershed Organization stated that according to the data of the 2018 studies, 30 million hectares of land in the country are affected by wind erosion, and 14 million hectares of this area are considered to be the focal points of wind erosion, which causes serious damage to infrastructure.[7]

Roads

[edit]

Dust kicked up by vehicles traveling on roads is a significant source of harmful air pollution.[8] Road dust consists of deposits of vehicle and industrial exhaust gas, particles from tire and brake wear, dust from paved roads or potholes, and dust from construction sites. Road dust is a significant contributor to the generation and release of particulates into the atmosphere.[9] Control of road dust is a significant challenge in urban areas, and also in other locations with high levels of vehicular traffic upon unsealed roads, such as mines and landfills.

"Engine exhaust emissions, especially from those operating on diesel fuel, can be a significant source of fine particle generation from construction sites." Construction and demolition activities can also produce a large amount of construction waste. The dust and particulates can become fugitive and airborne with vehicle movements both on and outside the sites, especially when it is windy and dry.[10]

Road dust may be suppressed by mechanical methods like street sweeper, vehicles equipped with vacuum cleaners,[11] vegetable oil sprays,[12] or with water sprayers. Calcium chloride can be used. Improvements in automotive engineering have reduced the amount of PM10s produced by road traffic; the proportion representing re-suspension of existing particulates has increased as a result.

Coal

[edit]

Coal dust is responsible for the respiratory disease known as pneumoconiosis, including coal worker's pneumoconiosis disease that occurs among coal miners. The danger of coal dust resulted in environmental law regulating workplace air quality in some jurisdictions. In addition, if enough coal dust is dispersed within the air in a given area, in very rare circumstances, it can cause a dust explosion. These circumstances are typically within confined spaces.

 

Control

[edit]

Atmospheric

[edit]
Tarps and netting are often used to reduce the amount of dust released from construction sites.

Most governmental Environmental Protection Agencies, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandate that facilities that generate fugitive dust, minimize or mitigate the production of dust in their operation. The most frequent dust control violations occur at new residential housing developments in urban areas. United States federal law requires that construction sites obtain planning permissions to conduct earth moving and clearing of areas, so that plans to control dust emissions while the work is being carried out are specified. Control measures include such simple practices as spraying construction and demolition sites with water, and preventing the tracking of dust onto adjacent roads.

Some of the issues include:[citation needed]

  • Reducing dust related health risks that include allergic reactions, pneumonia and asthmatic attacks.
  • Improving visibility and road traffic safety.
  • Providing cleaner air, cleaner vehicles and cleaner homes and promoting better health.
  • Improving agricultural productivity.[citation needed]
  • Reducing vehicle maintenance costs by lowering the levels of dust that clog filters, bearings and machinery.
  • Reducing driver fatigue, maintenance on car suspension systems and improving fuel economy in automobiles.
  • Increasing cumulative effects—each new application builds on previous progress.

US federal laws require dust control on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved parking lots, and dirt roads. Dust in such places may be suppressed by mechanical methods,[citation needed] including paving or laying down gravel, or stabilizing the surface with water, vegetable oils[12] or other dust suppressants, or by using water misters to suppress dust that is already airborne.[citation needed]

Domestic

[edit]
House dust under a microscope
Domestic dust on a ribbon
A video on reducing dust exposure in the workplace

Dust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers (i.e. half a millimeter). Dust poses a health risk to children,[13] older people, and those with respiratory diseases.

House dust can become airborne easily. Care is required when removing dust to avoid causing the dust to become airborne. A feather duster tends to agitate the dust so it lands elsewhere[citation needed].

Certified HEPA (tested to MIL STD 282) can effectively trap 99.97% of dust at 0.3 micrometers. Not all HEPA filters can effectively stop dust; while vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters, water, or cyclones may filter more effectively than without, they may still exhaust millions of particles per cubic foot of air circulated. Central vacuum cleaners can be effective in removing dust, especially if they are exhausted directly to the outdoors.

Air filters differ greatly in their effectiveness. Laser particle counters are an effective way to measure filter effectiveness; medical grade instruments can test for particles as small as 0.3 micrometers. In order to test for dust in the air, there are several options available. Pre-weighed filter and matched weight filters made from polyvinyl chloride or mixed cellulose ester are suitable for respirable dust (less than 10 micrometers in diameter).[14]

Dust resistant surfaces

[edit]

A dust resistant surface is a state of prevention against dust contamination or damage, by a design or treatment of materials and items in manufacturing or through a repair process [citation needed]. A reduced tacticity of a synthetic layer or covering can protect surfaces and release small molecules that could have remained attached. A panel, container or enclosure with seams may feature types of strengthened structural rigidity or sealant to vulnerable edges and joins.

Outer space

[edit]

Cosmic dust is widely present in outer space, where gas and dust clouds are the primary precursors for planetary systems. The zodiacal light, as seen in a dark night sky, is produced by sunlight reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the Sun. The tails of comets are produced by emissions of dust and ionized gas from the body of the comet. Dust also covers solid planetary bodies, and vast dust storms can occur on Mars which cover almost the entire planet. Interstellar dust is found between the stars, and high concentrations produce diffuse nebulae and reflection nebulae.

Dust is widely present in the galaxy. Ambient radiation heats dust and re-emits radiation into the microwave band, which may distort the cosmic microwave background power spectrum. Dust in this regime has a complicated emission spectrum and includes both thermal dust emission and spinning dust emission.[15]

Dust samples returned from outer space have provided information about conditions of the early solar system. Several spacecraft have sought to gather samples of dust and other materials. Among these craft was Stardust, which flew past 81P/Wild in 2004, and returned a capsule of the comet's remains to Earth.[16] In 2010 the Japanese Hayabusa spacecraft returned samples of dust from the surface of an asteroid.[17]

[edit]

Dust mites

[edit]

House dust mites are present indoors wherever humans live.[18] Positive tests for dust mite allergies are extremely common among people with asthma. Dust mites are microscopic arachnids whose primary food is dead human skin cells, but they do not live on living people.[19] They and their feces and other allergens are major constituents of house dust, but because they are so heavy they are not suspended for long in the air. They are generally found on the floor and other surfaces until disturbed (by walking, for example).[18] It could take between twenty minutes and two hours for dust mites to settle back out of the air.

Dust mites are a nesting species that prefer a dark, warm, and humid climate. They flourish in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, and carpets.[20] Their feces include enzymes that are released upon contact with a moist surface, which can happen when a person inhales, and these enzymes can kill cells within the human body.[21] House dust mites did not become a problem until humans began to use textiles, such as western style blankets and clothing.[22]

See also

[edit]
  • Mineral dust
  • Sawdust
  • Moondust
  • Adhesion force measurement of powders
  • Medical geology
  • Nephelometer
  • Contamination control
  • Occupational dust exposure
  • Dust bunny
  • Lint (material)
  • Dust explosion
  • Hanānā

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dust. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  2. ^ van Bronswijk, J. E. M. H. (1981). House Dust Biology for Allergists, Acarologists and Mycologists. J. Bronswijk. p. 37. ISBN 9789027535016. OCLC 9757081.
  3. ^ Hess-Kosa, Kathleen (2002). Indoor air quality: sampling methodologies. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 216. ISBN 9781566705394. OCLC 634141112.
  4. ^ a b Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (June 2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (2). London: 165–181. Bibcode:2001TrIBG..26..165M. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00013. ISSN 0020-2754.
  5. ^ Jickells, T. D.; An, Z. S.; Andersen, K. K.; Baker, A. R.; Bergametti, G.; Brooks, N.; Cao, J. J.; Boyd, P. W.; Duce, R. A.; Hunter, K. A.; Kawahata, H.; Kubilay, N.; Laroche, J.; Liss, P. S.; Mahowald, N.; Prospero, J. M.; Ridgwell, A. J.; Tegen, I.; Torres, R. (April 1, 2005). "Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate". Science. 308 (5718): 67–71. Bibcode:2005Sci...308...67J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.686.1063. doi:10.1126/science.1105959. PMID 15802595. S2CID 16985005.
  6. ^ a b c "Continuity of dust in the country" تداوم گرد و غبار در کشور. Tabnak (in Persian). Tabnak. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  7. ^ "What is the key to effectively deal with dust in the country?". Tabnak (in Persian). Tabnak. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024. کد خبر:۱۱۸۵۲۴۶
  8. ^ Khan, Raihan K.; Strand, Mark A. (10 April 2018). "Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review". Epidemiology and Health. 40: e2018013. doi:10.4178/epih.e2018013. ISSN 2092-7193. PMC 5968206. PMID 29642653.cite journal: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  9. ^ "Environment Canada – Pollution and Waste – Tracking Pollution in Canada". The Green Lane. September 23, 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  10. ^ "Control of dust from construction and demolition activities" (PDF). p. 12-22. Retrieved 4 Feb 2025.
  11. ^ Peel, G.; Michielen, M.; Parker, G. (July 8–12, 2001). "Some aspects of road sweeping vehicle automation". 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8556). 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Vol. 1. Como: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 337–342. doi:10.1109/AIM.2001.936477. ISBN 978-0-7803-6736-4.
  12. ^ a b "Questions and Answers: Road Dust Control with Soapstock-A Soybean Oil By- Product". Usroads.com. June 1, 1998. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  13. ^ Kumar, Pooja Virendra (November 6, 2007). "50% Bangalore kids hit by asthma". The Times of India. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2021. Dust mites in the humid atmosphere of Bangalore trigger around 60% of asthma
  14. ^ "What are the Effects of Dust on the Lungs? : OSH Answers". Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  15. ^ P. Finkbeiner, Douglas; Davis, Marc; Schlegel, David J. (October 20, 1999). "Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS". The Astrophysical Journal. 524 (2): 867–886. arXiv:astro-ph/9905128. Bibcode:1999ApJ...524..867F. doi:10.1086/307852. OCLC 691250305. S2CID 12187640. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  16. ^ Hanslmeier, Arnold (2013-01-02). Astrobiology The Search for Life in the Universe. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-60805-473-2. Archived from the original on 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  17. ^ Ridpath, Ian (2018-04-26). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-19-254261-8. Archived from the original on 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  18. ^ a b "Dust Mites". American Lung Association. Archived from the original on 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  19. ^ Australia, Healthdirect (2021-09-16). "Dust mites". healthdirect.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  20. ^ Perryman, Oliver (December 14, 2020). "How to Get Rid of Dust Floating in the Air using a Air Purifier?". Dehumidifier Critic. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  21. ^ Abadi, Sara (August 2009). "Hygiene Habits". AOL Health. AOL. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  22. ^ Colloff, Matthew J (2009). Dust Mites. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2224-0. ISBN 978-90-481-2224-0. OCLC 664094692.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Amato, Joseph A (2001). Dust: A History of the Small and the Invisible. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23195-3
  • Holmes, Hannah (2001). The Secret Life of Dust. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-37743-0
  • Steedman, Carolyn (2002). Dust. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6015-1
[edit]
  • Global map of atmospheric dust

 

The word duct is derived from the Latin word for led/leading. It may refer to:

  • Duct (anatomy), various ducts in anatomy and physiology
    • Tear duct, which carry tears to the eyes
  • Duct (HVAC), for transfer of air between spaces in a structure
  • Duct tape, a kind of adhesive tape
  • Ducted fan, motor for aircraft
  • Electrical bus duct, a metal enclosure for busbars
  • Duct (industrial exhaust), industrial exhaust duct system designed for low pressure-pneumatic convey of gas, fumes, dusts, shavings, and other pollutants from works space to atmosphere after cleaning and removal of contaminants
  • Atmospheric duct, a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals (a) are guided or ducted, (b) tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and (c) experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present
    • Tropospheric ducting, a type of radio propagation in the troposphere that allows signals to travel unusually long distances
    • Earth–ionosphere waveguide, a type of atmospheric duct
  • Surface duct, a sound propagation phenomenon at sea
  • Duct Publishing, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
  • Dispatchable Unit Control Table (DUCT) in z/Architecture
  • Flexible Ducting

See also

[edit]
  • Ducked

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